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The cytogenic repercussions of occupational exposure to oxidation hair dyes were assessed by using three assays in professional hair colorists. The assays were sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in circulating lymphocytes to evaluate the interchange of DNA replication products at apparently homologous chromosomal loci, single cell gel electrophoretic (SCGE) assay to detect the presence of DNA strand...
Plant activation of three isomers of phenylenediamine, o-, m- and p-phenylenediamine, has been studied. Two in vitro plant systems have been used: Persea americana S117 with mixed-function oxidase (MFO) and peroxidase activities, and Zea mays S9 which contains only peroxidase activity. As genetic endpoint, the classical Salmonella tester strains, TA98 and TA100, their derivatives with high O-acetyltransferase...
Mutagenicity of 15 nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs), which were detected in ambient air particles and/or combustion source emissions, were examined using a set of six Salmonella typhimurium tester strains (TA7001 to TA7006), and the mutational specificity was characterized by the comparison of the mutagenic potencies of nitro-PAHs in the tester strains. Each strain carries a...
Animal cancer data play a primary role in human risk assessment due to the limited epidemiological data. The current database of test results from the NCI/NTP rodent bioassays provide valuable information concerning the carcinogenic potential of hundreds of environmental agents. An approach is presented to reduce and graphically display these data as activity profiles to allow visualization and assessment...
We employed a series of in vitro genotoxicity assays -a single cell gel (SCG) assay with mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells, a microbial mutation assay with Salmonella typhimurium, a mammalian cell mutation assay with L5178Y cells, and a chromosomal aberration assay with Chinese hamster CHL/IU cells- to evaluate the photogenotoxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) particles. Without UV/visible light...
Erythrocytes from the spleen of CBA mice have been prepared for analyses by flow cytometry. About 80% of the polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) in the spleen originate from erythropoiesis in the spleen, while the remaining 20% come from the peripheral blood. Analyses of the RNA content of PCE revealed that splenic PCE do not mature into normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) in the spleen but leave the organ...
We performed mouse bone marrow and peripheral blood micronucleus tests on carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ). In the bone marrow assay, bone marrow cells were collected once after 24 h, and twice, with a 24-h interval at a dose of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg. In the peripheral blood assay, blood samples were collected 0, 24, 48 and 72 h after a single intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 1000, 2000...
The SOS/umu-test with Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 as tester strain is a rapid and valuable bacterial assay for screening of umuC-dependent mutagenic potential of chemical compounds and chemicals relevant to environmental pollution. The initial assay was modified by replacing the β-galactosidase reporter gene with luciferase. Thereby, the sensitivity of the umu-test was increased significantly...
The alkaline (pH>13) single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay or comet assay was used to evaluate for DNA damage induced in bone marrow cells of B6C3F1 mice by four aniline derivatives: 2,4-dimethylaniline (2,4-xylidine), 2,4,6-trimethylaniline (mesidine), 2-chloro-4-methylaniline and 4-chloro-N-methylaniline. The study revealed that two of the four compounds studied, i.e. 2,4-dimethylaniline...
The formation of micronuclei (MN) is a widely used and accepted endpoint of genotoxicity testing. The micronucleus assay provides a simple and rapid indirect measure of the induction of structural or numerical chromosome aberrations. In this work we describe hen's eggs, incubated for 11 days, as ex vivo assay system for the detection of micronucleus formation in young erythrocytes (Hen's Egg Test...
pUC19-lacZC 141 DNA contains a proline codon at positions 141 to 143, where an alanine codon normally appears in the original lacZ gene. pUC19-lacZC 141 DNA was produced using site-directed mutagenesis. After transfection of pUC19-lacZC 141 DNA into lacZ - hosts, the transformants produce white colonies on an agar plate containing X-gal...
Cytotoxic and cell-transforming activities of methyl thiophanate, a systemic fungicide capable of entering plant cells and thus controlling fungal diseases that have already started, were studied in an in vitro medium-term (6-8 weeks) experimental model utilizing BALB/c 3T3 cells. Cells were exposed to the chemical, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, in the absence or presence of an exogenous metabolizing...
Sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in Vicia faba root tips were used to examine well water containing high levels of arsenic. The increased amount of arsenic was contained in well water from different towns of Zimapan, Hidalgo, Mexico. Treatments of 3 h were applied followed by the differential staining technique of Tempelaar et al. (Mutation Res. 103 (1982) 321-326). Concentrations of arsenic from...
The L5178Y/tk +/- -3.7.2C mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) which detects mutations affecting the heterozygous thymidine kinase (tk) locus is capable of responding to chemicals acting as clastogens as well as point mutagens. Improvements in the assay to enhance detection of this spectrum of genetic events are summarized, and criteria for evaluating the data are defined. Using these criteria,...
To elucidate if the metabolic methylation participates in the induction of inorganic arsenic-responsible genetic damage, arsenite (ARS) and its methylated metabolites, methanearsonic acid (MMAA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA), were comparatively assayed for the induction of DNA damage by determining DNA repair synthesis using polymerization inhibitors such as aphidicolin (aph) and hydroxyurea (HU)...
This study evaluates the applicability of three bacterial short-term genotoxicity test systems to aquatic suspended particulate matter of the Elbe river. This material was sampled in sedimentation vessels after deposition periods of one month. It was extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus with toluene and methanol. Aqueous elutriates were prepared additionally. A solid phase method was developed that enables...
In this study, the vicinal chloroalcohols 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (DC2P), 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3CPD) and 2-chloro-1,3-propanediol (2CPD) were investigated for genotoxicity in the wing spot test of Drosophila. DC2P is an important starting material in many processes of synthesis in chemical industry. 3CPD as well as some related glycerol chlorohydrins were identified in protein hydrolysates industrially...
Single-strand breaks were observed in rat lung and kidney after acute treatment of animals with CdCl 2 (4 mg/kg body weight) injected intraperitoneally and NiCl 2 (44.4 mg/kg body weight) injected subcutaneously. In the rat liver, no single-strand breakage was evident with those doses in single and combined metal treatments. The most susceptible tissue in rats to cadmium or nickel...
Traffic police workers, as a population exposed to urban atmosphere, were compared with a control population exposed to indoor air pollution levels. Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) as a biomarker of effect were measured in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 54 exposed subjects and 35 controls, and environmental concentration of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) tracer compounds was detected by...
DNA polarity at sister chromatid exchange (SCE) sites were studied in ring chromosomes from Chinese hamster cells. If the polarity of DNA strands was conserved, a double-length, symmetric dicentric ring chromosome with symmetric twin SCEs appeared after two cell cycles when a SCE occurred in S 1 . Indeed, approximately two-thirds of double-length, symmetric ring chromosomes belonged to this...
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